Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that develops in the basal cells, which are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. It is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of all skin cancers diagnosed.
Characterized by a gradual growth pattern, basal cell carcinoma usually appears as a painless, raised bump on the skin, often with a smooth and pearly appearance. However, it can also present as a scaly, red patch or an open sore that may not heal. These skin lesions are commonly found on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face, neck, scalp, and arms.
Caused primarily by long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, basal cell carcinoma typically grows slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. However, if left untreated, it can invade and destroy nearby tissues, including bone and cartilage.
Diagnosis is often made through a skin biopsy, in which a sample of the abnormal skin cells is examined under a microscope. Treatment options for basal cell carcinoma include surgical excision, cryotherapy (freezing the cancer cells), Mohs surgery (a specialized surgical procedure that removes the tumor layer by layer), topical creams, and radiation therapy.
Prevention is key to reducing the risk of developing basal cell carcinoma, and includes avoiding excessive sun exposure, seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and wide-brimmed hats, applying sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF), and avoiding indoor tanning. Regular skin screenings and self-examinations are also important for early detection and treatment.
