Mitral valve incompetence, also known as mitral regurgitation, is a medical condition characterized by the inability of the mitral valve in the heart to close properly, resulting in the backward flow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole (ventricular contraction).
The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart and is responsible for allowing blood to flow in one direction, from the atrium to the ventricle, during the cardiac cycle. In the case of mitral valve incompetence, the valve doesn't close tightly, allowing blood to leak back into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts. This causes a decrease in the efficiency of blood circulation, as some blood that should be pumped forward is instead pumped backward.
There can be several causes of mitral valve incompetence, including congenital abnormalities, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, or degeneration due to age or certain diseases. Symptoms may vary depending on the degree of valve leakage, but they commonly include fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, coughing, and an enlarged heart.
Diagnosis typically involves physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and sometimes additional tests like cardiac catheterization or MRI. Treatment options depend on the severity of symptoms and underlying causes. Mild cases, without significant symptoms, may not require treatment, and regular monitoring is sufficient. However, more severe cases may necessitate medication, such as diuretics or beta-blockers, to manage symptoms. In severe cases or when complications arise, surgical interventions like mitral valve repair or replacement may be recommended to restore proper valve function and improve overall cardiac function.
