Giant cell arteritis, also known as temporal arteritis or cranial arteritis, is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the medium and large arteries in the head, particularly the branches of the carotid artery. It is characterized by the inflammation and swelling of these arteries, which can lead to reduced blood flow and tissue damage.
This condition is most commonly seen in individuals over the age of 50, with women being more susceptible than men. The exact cause of giant cell arteritis is unknown, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the arterial walls, triggering inflammation.
The symptoms of giant cell arteritis can vary but often include headache, scalp tenderness, jaw pain, blurred vision, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to vision loss or stroke if the inflammation affects the blood vessels supplying the eyes or brain. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent these complications.
Diagnosis of giant cell arteritis typically involves a combination of patient history, physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or angiography. The gold standard for diagnosis is a biopsy of the affected artery, which can show the presence of giant cells, inflammatory cells, and damage to the arterial wall.
Treatment for giant cell arteritis usually involves high-dose corticosteroids, such as prednisone, which effectively reduce inflammation and prevent complications. Long-term management often requires a gradual tapering of the corticosteroid dose. In some cases, other immunosuppressive medications may be necessary to control the disease.
Overall, giant cell arteritis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the head's arteries, which can lead to various symptoms and potentially severe complications without proper medical intervention.
