Tick-borne encephalitides refers to a group of viral diseases caused by various strains of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. These encephalitides are primarily prevalent in forested areas of Europe and Asia, where ticks act as the primary vectors.
Tick-borne encephalitides are characterized by inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and are classified into two main types: the European subtype and the Far Eastern subtype. The European subtype is further divided into three subtypes: the Western subtype, found mainly in Western Europe; the Central subtype, prevalent in Central Europe; and the Siberian subtype, predominating in Eastern Europe and parts of Scandinavia.
The symptoms of tick-borne encephalitides can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe neurological complications. Initial signs may include fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. In more severe cases, patients may experience stiff neck, photophobia, dizziness, sleep disturbances, paralysis, and cognitive impairment. The disease typically progresses rapidly, and severe cases can lead to long-term neurological sequelae or death.
Prevention of tick-borne encephalitides primarily involves avoiding tick-infested areas, wearing protective clothing, and using repellents. Vaccination against TBEV is also available in some countries, providing effective protection against the infection.
Early diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitides is crucial to initiate appropriate treatment and management. Supportive care focusing on symptom relief remains the mainstay of treatment, as no specific antiviral therapy is available for these diseases. Medical attention should be sought promptly if one resides or visits an endemic area and develops symptoms suggestive of tick-borne encephal
