IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE Meaning and
Definition
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Immunological tolerance refers to a state of immune unresponsiveness towards specific antigens, which prevents the immune system from attacking and harming self-tissues. It is a crucial process that helps maintain immune homeostasis and prevents autoimmune diseases.
In the human body, the immune system is responsible for recognizing and eliminating pathogens and foreign substances. However, there are certain mechanisms in place that allow the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self molecules. This is important because a hyperactive immune response towards self-antigens can lead to autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks and damages healthy cells and tissues.
Immunological tolerance can be achieved through central tolerance and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Central tolerance occurs during the maturation of immune cells in the thymus (T-cells) and bone marrow (B-cells), where self-reactive cells are eliminated through a process called negative selection. Peripheral tolerance involves several mechanisms, such as regulatory T-cells, anergic T-cells, and immune deviation, which suppress or regulate the activation of self-reactive immune cells in the periphery.
Defects in immunological tolerance can result in the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms of immunological tolerance has important implications for the development of therapies for autoimmune disorders, as well as for organ transplantation and the prevention of graft rejection.
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Etymology of IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
The word "immunological" is derived from the Latin word "immunis", meaning "exempt" or "free". It is formed by combining "im-" (a negating prefix) and "munis" (meaning "obligation" or "duty"). "Tolerance" comes from the Latin word "tolerantia", which means "endurance" or "tolerance". In the context of "immunological tolerance", it refers to the immune system's ability to tolerate or accept certain foreign substances (antigens) without mounting an immune response.
