Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, commonly known as GABA receptor, is a specialized protein complex found on the surface of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). It functions as a neurotransmitter receptor and plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability. The receptor is specifically responsive to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that mediates the majority of inhibitory signals in the brain.
The GABA receptor is a multiprotein complex comprising different subunits that form the receptor channel. These subunits assemble to form different receptor subtypes, resulting in diverse functional properties and pharmacological profiles. Several subtypes exist, classified as GABA_A, GABA_B, and GABA_C receptors, with GABA_A receptors being the most common and well-studied.
When GABA binds to the receptor, it triggers a series of molecular events that promote chloride ion influx into the neuron, leading to membrane hyperpolarization and suppressing neuronal activity. This inhibitory effect is crucial for maintaining proper balance and preventing excessive excitatory activity in the brain.
Proper functioning of GABA receptors is essential for various physiological processes, including sleep regulation, anxiety modulation, and motor control. Dysfunction or imbalance of GABA receptors has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders. Consequently, drugs targeting GABA receptors are widely used in clinical practice to treat these conditions by enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission and promoting inhibitory effects.
