The adrenal cortex refers to the outer zone or the outer layer of the adrenal gland, an endocrine gland situated on the top of each kidney. It is responsible for producing and secreting several types of steroid hormones called corticosteroids, which play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions.
The adrenal cortex can be divided into three layers: the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis. Each layer synthesizes and releases specific corticosteroids. The outermost layer, the zona glomerulosa, produces mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone. Aldosterone helps regulate the body's electrolyte balance, particularly by influencing sodium and potassium levels. The middle layer, the zona fasciculata, is responsible for producing glucocorticoids, including cortisol. Cortisol is important for regulating metabolism, immune response, and the body's stress response. The innermost layer, the zona reticularis, synthesizes weak androgens, which are precursors to sex hormones like testosterone.
The adrenal cortex is primarily regulated by the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), produced and secreted by the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. Through this regulatory pathway, the adrenal cortex produces and secretes the necessary corticosteroid hormones to maintain homeostasis and respond to various stressors.
In summary, the adrenal cortex is the outer layer of the adrenal gland, responsible for synthesizing and secreting mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and weak androgens. These hormones have vital roles in regulating electrolyte balance, metabolism, immune response, stress response, and sexual development.
