Adrenal refers to anything related to the two small, triangular-shaped glands called the adrenal glands, which are positioned on top of each kidney in the human body. The word "adrenal" is commonly used as an adjective to describe specific glands, hormones, or conditions associated with these glands.
The adrenal glands have two major parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The adrenal cortex primarily produces essential steroid hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and small amounts of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone. These hormones play vital roles in regulating metabolism, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and immune system function.
The adrenal medulla, on the other hand, is responsible for producing two hormones called adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones are released in response to stress, playing a crucial role in the body's "fight-or-flight" response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels, preparing the body for emergency situations.
Various medical conditions may affect the adrenal glands, leading to either overproduction or underproduction of their hormones. For example, adrenal insufficiency refers to a condition where the adrenal glands are unable to produce enough hormones, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and low blood pressure. On the other hand, conditions like Cushing's syndrome involve the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands, causing symptoms like weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness.
Overall, the term "adrenal" encompasses the glands, hormones, and associated conditions related to these vital endocrine organs in the human body.
