Acute renal insufficiency, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), refers to a sudden and rapid decline in kidney function, resulting in the inability of the kidneys to adequately filter waste products, excess fluids, and electrolytes from the bloodstream. It is characterized by a sudden and significant decrease in urine production and elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels.
This condition can be caused by various factors, including severe dehydration, insufficient blood flow to the kidneys, blockages in the urinary tract, kidney infections, certain medications, autoimmune diseases, and direct damage to the kidneys. It is commonly classified into three categories: prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal AKI.
Prerenal AKI typically occurs when there is a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, resulting from conditions such as blood loss, dehydration, or decreased blood pressure. Intrinsic AKI refers to a direct injury to the kidney tissue, often caused by specific medications, toxins, or kidney diseases. Postrenal AKI is caused by urinary tract obstructions that prevent urine from being expelled from the body, leading to kidney damage.
Acute renal insufficiency requires early diagnosis and prompt management to prevent further kidney damage and potential complications. Treatment options may include addressing the underlying cause, fluid rehydration, medication adjustments, and in some cases, dialysis to support kidney function until recovery is achieved. Close monitoring of electrolyte levels and managing complications are essential parts of the management as well.
