Acute renal failure, also known as acute kidney injury, refers to a sudden and rapid decline in kidney function. It is a serious condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to adequately filter waste products from the blood or maintain the necessary balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. Typically, acute renal failure develops over a short period of time, ranging from a few hours to a few days.
Various potential causes can lead to acute renal failure, including severe dehydration, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, infections, or damage to the kidneys themselves. The condition is characterized by a decrease in urine output, accumulation of waste products in the blood (such as urea and creatinine), electrolyte imbalances, and fluid retention.
Acute renal failure can manifest in three stages: the initiation stage, where the underlying cause begins damaging the kidneys; the oliguric stage, characterized by reduced urine production and increased fluid overload; and the diuretic stage, during which urine production increases but kidney function is still impaired. If left untreated, acute renal failure can progress to end-stage renal disease, requiring long-term dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Treatment for acute renal failure may involve addressing the underlying cause, managing complications, and providing supportive care. It often includes fluid and electrolyte balance, controlling blood pressure, and avoiding further kidney damage. Prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent complications and promote kidney recovery.
