TUBERCULIN TESTS Meaning and
Definition
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Tuberculin tests, also known as the Mantoux test or the tuberculin skin test (TST), are medical diagnostic tools that aid in the detection of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The test involves the intradermal injection of a purified protein derivative called tuberculin, which is derived from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium that causes TB.
The purpose of tuberculin tests is to determine whether an individual has been infected with the TB bacteria by assessing their immune response. After the tuberculin solution is injected into the inner surface of the forearm, the area is observed for a specific period, typically 48-72 hours. If the person has been previously exposed to TB, their immune system should produce a delayed hypersensitivity reaction at the injection site.
A positive tuberculin test is characterized by the presence of an induration (a raised, hardened area around the injection site), which indicates a significant immune response. It does not confirm active disease but rather suggests the presence of latent TB infection. Further diagnostic tests, such as chest X-rays or sputum sample analysis, are usually required to confirm active disease.
Tuberculin tests are widely used globally as a screening tool, especially in areas where TB is prevalent or for individuals at higher risk of infection, such as those who have been in contact with active TB cases. It assists in identifying individuals who are likely to develop TB disease or who may require preventive treatment.
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Etymology of TUBERCULIN TESTS
The word "tuberculin" has its roots in the Latin word "tuberculum", meaning "a small swelling or lump". It is derived from "tuber", which means "a swelling" or "a bump". The term "tuberculin" was coined by Robert Koch in the late 19th century to refer to a substance derived from the tuberculosis-causing bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The word "tests" simply refers to the various diagnostic procedures or examinations that utilize tuberculin to detect the presence of tuberculosis infection.
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