Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a condition characterized by damage to the heart valves as a result of the body's immune response to an untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal infection, specifically one caused by the group A Streptococcus bacteria. This condition primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries, particularly in areas with limited access to healthcare and inadequate treatment of streptococcal infections.
RHD occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the heart valves, resulting in inflammation and scarring. Over time, this can lead to the thickening and stiffening of the valves, reducing their ability to efficiently regulate blood flow. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, heart palpitations, chest pain, and swelling in the ankles, feet, or abdomen.
If left untreated, RHD can lead to serious complications, including heart failure, stroke, and infective endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves). Diagnosis of RHD involves a thorough physical examination, echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart), and other imaging tests to assess the extent of valve damage.
Treatment for RHD primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the heart valves. This may include medications to control symptoms, such as diuretics to reduce fluid buildup, anti-inflammatory drugs to manage inflammation, and antibiotics for prevention of recurrent streptococcal infections. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Long-term follow-up care, regular medication use, and adherence to preventive measures are essential in managing RHD and improving outcomes for affected individuals.
