Rabies viruses are a group of highly infectious and deadly viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus, in the family Rhabdoviridae. These viruses are primarily transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, such as a dog, bat, raccoon, or skunk. The virus affects the central nervous system, including the brain, leading to a fatal condition known as rabies.
The incubation period for rabies viruses can range from a few days to several years, depending on factors such as the location of the bite and proximity to the brain. After the virus enters the body, it replicates in muscle tissue and then spreads along peripheral nerves towards the central nervous system.
Symptoms of rabies typically appear in three distinct stages: prodromal, furious, and paralytic. During the prodromal stage, individuals may experience fever, headache, fatigue, and irritability. The furious stage is characterized by aggressive behavior, hallucinations, and excessive salivation. Finally, the paralytic stage leads to muscle weakness, paralysis, and ultimately, coma and death.
Prevention of rabies viruses is accomplished through vaccination, particularly in domestic animals such as dogs and cats. Human vaccination is also available for individuals at high risk, such as veterinarians and laboratory workers. Prompt and thorough cleansing of wounds following potential exposure, along with administration of post-exposure prophylaxis, including rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine, can prevent the virus from spreading in the body and developing into rabies.
