Pituitary lactogenic hormone, also known as prolactin, is a peptide hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in the regulation and maintenance of lactation (milk production) in mammals as well as a wide range of other physiological processes.
The primary function of pituitary lactogenic hormone is to stimulate the growth and development of mammary glands during pregnancy, preparing them for milk production. After childbirth, prolactin levels continue to rise to initiate and sustain lactation, promoting milk secretion in the mammary glands. It controls the synthesis and release of milk components, including proteins, lipids, and lactose, ensuring the proper production and composition of breast milk.
Apart from its role in lactation, pituitary lactogenic hormone also participates in various other physiological functions. It influences reproductive behavior, plays a role in the female menstrual cycle by suppressing ovulation, and modulates the immune system. Additionally, prolactin is involved in the regulation of metabolism, regulating body weight, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism.
Imbalances in pituitary lactogenic hormone secretion can lead to certain medical conditions. Hyperprolactinemia, the excess production of prolactin, can cause infertility, irregular menstrual cycles, and even milk production in individuals who are not pregnant or breastfeeding. On the other hand, insufficient production of prolactin, known as hypoprolactinemia, can result in decreased milk production and impaired lactation. Various factors, such as stress, certain medications, and pituitary tumors, can disrupt the normal levels of pituitary lactogenic hormone in the body.
