Ovine Caprine Lentivirus (OCL) refers to a group of closely related retroviruses that infect sheep and goats, belonging to the genus Lentivirus. These viruses, also commonly known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), cause chronic and progressive diseases in infected animals. OCL infections are characterized by a slow and insidious progression, often leading to severe immunodeficiency, neurological disorders, and other associated complications.
OCL is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or through ingestion of infected milk, colostrum, or semen. The primary target cells for OCL replication are macrophages, which play a crucial role in the immune response. Infected animals typically exhibit a long asymptomatic period before the onset of clinical signs. These signs can include weight loss, respiratory issues, joint problems, swollen lymph nodes, and persistent diarrhea.
The diagnosis of OCL involves the detection of viral antigens in blood or tissues, the detection of specific antibodies produced against the virus, or the identification of viral genetic material through molecular techniques. Although there is no cure for OCL, supportive care and management practices aim to reduce the severity of symptoms and improve the overall welfare of infected animals.
The prevention and control of OCL primarily rely on implementing strict biosecurity measures, such as segregation of infected animals, avoidance of colostrum/milk sharing among neonates, and regular testing and culling of seropositive animals. Vaccines are currently under development but are not widely available.
