Orthogonal is an adjective with various related definitions, typically associated with mathematics, physics, and computing. In general terms, it refers to two or more entities that are independent, unrelated, or mutually exclusive. It is often used to describe concepts, components, or phenomena that are perpendicular or at right angles to each other.
In mathematics, the term "orthogonal" most commonly refers to vectors or geometrical figures that are perpendicular to each other in Euclidean space. In this context, it signifies that the vectors or lines intersect at a 90° angle, making them independent and non-interfering.
In physics, orthogonal often describes forces, movements, or phenomena that act independently of each other. For instance, in the study of electricity and magnetism, electric and magnetic fields are said to be orthogonal to each other when they are at right angles and do not influence each other's behavior.
In computing, the term "orthogonal" is frequently used in software engineering. It denotes the modularity, separability, and independence of different components or functionalities in a system. Orthogonal components can be modified or developed separately without disturbing or affecting other parts of the system.
Overall, orthogonal implies a clear separation and independence between entities, allowing for efficient analysis, design, and implementation. It emphasizes the lack of interference or dependencies among different aspects, enabling easier comprehension, manipulation, and optimization in various fields.
