Neospora is a genus of parasitic protozoa that primarily affects cattle and dogs. It is a relatively newly discovered organism, with the first case being reported in the mid-1980s. It is considered an apicomplexan parasite, belonging to the same family as Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis.
Neospora caninum, the most common species within the genus, is an obligate intracellular parasite that primarily infects the central nervous system and muscular tissues of its host. In cattle, the infection can lead to a disease known as neosporosis, which can cause abortion, stillbirths, and other reproductive issues. In dogs, infection can cause neurological signs such as muscle weakness, ataxia, and paralysis. However, not all infected animals show clinical signs, as the severity of the disease can vary.
Transmission of Neospora largely occurs through ingestion of infected tissues or through vertical transmission from an infected mother to her offspring. The parasite has an indirect life cycle, involving both intermediate and definitive hosts. While the definitive host is unknown, it is believed that canids, such as dogs, might serve as the primary source of infection for cattle.
Neospora can be diagnosed through various techniques, including serology, histopathology, and molecular methods. Treatment options are limited, and prevention relies mainly on reducing exposure to the parasite through strategies such as proper hygiene, controlling dog populations, and avoiding feeding cattle with contaminated materials.
Overall, Neospora is an important parasite that impacts livestock and dogs, causing significant economic losses in the agricultural industry.
