Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium, specifically the Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare species. It is a common cause of infections in humans, particularly those with compromised immune systems, such as people living with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. MAC infections can affect various organs in the body, including the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, and skin.
The bacteria are widespread in the environment, being found in water, dust, and soil. MAC can also be found in animals, such as birds, cats, and pigs, which can serve as a reservoir for these bacteria. Humans usually acquire MAC infections by inhaling or ingesting the bacteria, although person-to-person transmission is rare.
Mycobacterium avium complex infections can present differently depending on the affected organs and the immune status of the individual. Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, cough, night sweats, weight loss, and abdominal pain. However, MAC infections can also be asymptomatic, making their diagnosis and treatment challenging.
Treatment for MAC infections usually requires a combination of multiple antibiotics over a long period, sometimes ranging from months to years. These antibiotics are chosen based on their effectiveness against MAC and the proper management of potential drug interactions and toxicities. Successful treatment outcomes often depend on the immune status of the patient and the elimination of any underlying conditions that might impair the immune system.
