Mice Minute Virus (MMV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and the genus Dependovirus. It primarily infects rodents, particularly mice, and is commonly found in research colonies worldwide.
MMV is characterized by its minute size, measuring only about 20-24 nanometers in diameter. It possesses a simple, icosahedral structure with a single-stranded DNA genome of approximately 4.1 kilobases in length. The virus contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), encoding non-structural and capsid proteins, respectively.
Infection with MMV is generally asymptomatic in healthy mice, with no overt clinical signs. However, it can cause disease in immunocompromised animals, such as those with reduced immunity or suffering from other infections. MMV has been associated with various pathological conditions, including reproductive failure, diminished fertility, and stunted growth.
Transmission of MMV primarily occurs horizontally, through direct contact, inhalation of aerosols, or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Vertical transmission from dam to offspring can also occur, particularly during gestation or through lactation. The virus exhibits a broad host range, capable of infecting various strains and species of laboratory mice, including transgenic and knockout strains.
Diagnosis of MMV infection involves detecting viral DNA in tissues or biological samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Prevention and control strategies mainly revolve around implementing rigorous biosecurity measures, including quarantine, regular health monitoring, and strict hygiene practices. Additionally, vaccination and specific pathogen-free (SPF) housing can help control MMV infection in laboratory rodent facilities.
Overall, understanding the characteristics, transmission routes, and effects of Mice
