Keratoconus is a degenerative eye disorder characterized by the thinning and bulging of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye. This condition typically affects both eyes, but the severity may vary between them. The progression of keratoconus often begins during teenage years and slowly worsens over time, stabilizing usually by the individual's mid-30s.
The exact cause of keratoconus is still unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Chronic eye rubbing, excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, collagen disorders, and certain genetic conditions have also been associated with an increased risk of developing keratoconus.
As the cornea weakens, it begins to bulge into a cone shape, leading to various visual problems. These can include blurry vision, distorted or double vision, nearsightedness or astigmatism, increased sensitivity to light, and difficulties with night vision. The condition may also cause frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescriptions.
Treatment options for keratoconus depend on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, eyeglasses or soft contact lenses may help correct vision. However, as keratoconus progresses, rigid gas permeable contact lenses are often preferred as they provide better support to the cornea. In more advanced cases, where contact lenses are no longer effective, surgical interventions such as corneal cross-linking, intracorneal ring segments, or corneal transplantation may be necessary to manage the condition and improve vision. Early detection and regular eye examinations are important to monitor the progression of keratoconus and determine the most suitable treatment approach.
