Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide, also known as isoniazid (INH), is a synthetic organic compound that belongs to the hydrazide class of drugs. It is primarily used as an antimicrobial agent and is considered to be the most effective drug for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide functions as a prodrug, meaning that it requires activation by the bacterial enzyme, KatG, to exert its antibacterial effects. Once activated, it inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are crucial components of the cell wall in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. By disrupting the cell wall synthesis, isoniazid effectively suppresses the growth of TB bacteria, preventing their multiplication and spread within the body.
Apart from its use in the treatment of TB, isoniazid may also be employed as a prophylactic agent in individuals who have been exposed to TB but have not yet developed the disease. Additionally, it may be used in combination with other drugs for the treatment of latent TB infections. Isoniazid is administered orally and is rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
However, it is important to note that isoniazid can have adverse effects on the liver and may cause hepatotoxicity. Regular monitoring of liver function tests is recommended during treatment. Other potential side effects include peripheral neuropathy, skin rash, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Overall, isoniazid, or isonicotinic acid hydrazide, is a potent antimicrobial drug used for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis.
