Inflammatory Polyneuropathy Acute (IPA), also known as acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), is a neurological disorder characterized by the sudden onset of widespread inflammation and damage to the peripheral nerves.
Polyneuropathy refers to the involvement of multiple nerves throughout the body, resulting in various symptoms such as muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and reduced reflexes. Inflammatory polyneuropathy indicates that the condition is caused by an inflammatory response within the body.
Acute inflammatory polyneuropathy typically manifests rapidly, within days or weeks, and may be associated with earlier infections, most commonly caused by certain bacteria or viruses. The immune system, in response to these infections, mistakenly targets the myelin sheath (the protective covering of the nerve fibers) as well as the nerve fibers themselves, leading to demyelination and nerve damage.
Common symptoms of IPA include muscle weakness, tingling or numbness in the extremities, difficulty speaking or swallowing, and problems with coordination. The severity of symptoms can vary widely, ranging from mild weakness to a complete paralysis of the limbs.
Diagnosis of IPA involves a thorough evaluation of a patient's medical history, neurological examination, and electrophysiological tests such as nerve conduction studies. Treatment primarily consists of supportive care, including physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and mobility. In severe cases, immune-modulating therapies such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or plasmapheresis may be recommended to suppress the inflammatory response.
While many individuals recover from acute inflammatory polyneuropathy with proper treatment and rehabilitative therapy, some may experience residual weakness or sensory deficits that require ongoing management and support.
