Acute Inflammatory Polyneuropathy, commonly known as AIP, is a neurological disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to multiple peripheral nerves in the body. It is a rapidly progressive condition that typically emerges suddenly and reaches its peak within few days or weeks.
This condition is predominantly an immune-mediated disorder, where the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves. The exact cause of AIP is still unknown, but it is often associated with viral infections (such as Epstein-Barr virus, influenza, or Campylobacter jejuni) or autoimmune diseases.
The inflammation in AIP affects the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of nerve fibers, leading to impaired nerve conduction and communication between the brain and various parts of the body. This results in a wide range of symptoms including muscle weakness, tingling or numbness in the extremities (hands and feet), pain, and difficulty in coordination.
The syndrome closely resembles Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), with similar clinical features and diagnostic criteria. However, AIP typically shows a more diffuse involvement of multiple nerves throughout the body, whereas GBS often starts at the legs and progresses upwards.
Treatment of AIP usually involves a combination of immunotherapy and supportive care. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange therapy may be administered to reduce the immune response and inflammation. Physical therapy and pain management strategies are also employed to alleviate symptoms and improve functional abilities.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in AIP to prevent further nerve damage and promote recovery. With appropriate medical intervention, many individuals with AIP can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and regain their functionality over time.
