IMMUNOLOGICAL CYTOTOXICITY TESTS Meaning and
Definition
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Immunological Cytotoxicity Tests are laboratory-based techniques used to assess the ability of the immune system to destroy or eliminate target cells in the body. These tests are designed to measure the cytotoxic activity of immune cells, specifically natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which play a crucial role in immune surveillance and protection against infected or cancerous cells.
These tests typically involve mixing target cells, usually tumor cells or virus-infected cells, with immune effector cells obtained from peripheral blood or isolated from tissues. The effector cells act as the mediators of cytotoxicity, causing cell death in the target cells through various mechanisms, such as the release of cytotoxic molecules (e.g., perforin, granzymes) or the binding of cell surface receptors (e.g., Fas ligand) to induce apoptosis.
The immunological cytotoxicity tests employ different methods to quantify the level of cytotoxic activity. They can measure the release of enzymes or radioactive markers that are specific to target cell death, or they can use flow cytometry to analyze the binding of fluorescently labeled antibodies to distinguish dead or dying cells from viable ones.
These tests are valuable tools in both clinical and research settings for evaluating immune responses, assessing the efficacy of immunotherapy treatments, and investigating the mechanisms of immune cell cytotoxicity. Immunological cytotoxicity tests provide crucial insights into the function and activity of the immune system, facilitating the development of new therapeutic strategies for immunodeficiency disorders, cancer immunotherapy, and infectious diseases.
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