IMMUNOENZYME TECHNIQUE Meaning and
Definition
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The immunoenzyme technique refers to a laboratory method used for the detection and visualization of specific proteins or molecules in biological samples. It is based on the principles of immunology and enzyme assays, combining their capabilities to enable accurate and sensitive measurements of target molecules.
In this technique, a primary antibody specific to the molecule of interest is first incubated with the biological sample. The primary antibody binds to its target molecule with high specificity. Then, a secondary antibody, conjugated with an enzyme (such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), is added. This secondary antibody recognizes and binds to the primary antibody, forming an antibody-antigen-antibody complex.
The enzyme conjugated to the secondary antibody allows for the detection and visualization of the target molecule by catalyzing a color-producing chemical reaction. Substrates, usually chromogenic or luminescent compounds, are added to the sample which react with the enzyme and produce a visible signal, such as a color change or light emission.
The immunoenzyme technique is widely used in various fields of research, including immunology, pathology, and molecular biology. It provides high sensitivity and specificity, enabling the detection and quantification of minute amounts of specific proteins or molecules present in complex biological samples. The technique is commonly applied in immunoassays like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Its application has greatly contributed to advancements in understanding disease mechanisms, identifying biomarkers, and diagnosing various diseases.
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Etymology of IMMUNOENZYME TECHNIQUE
The term "Immunoenzyme Technique" is a scientific term that combines two essential components: "immuno-" referring to immunity or immune response, and "enzyme" which signifies a biological protein catalyst.
The word "immune" has Latin origins and comes from the Latin word "immunis" meaning "exempt" or "free from". It entered the English language in the 15th century and initially referred to exemption from legal duties or taxes. Over time, the term evolved to describe the body's ability to resist diseases.
"Enzyme" has Greek origins and is derived from the Greek words "enzymos" meaning "in leaven" or "yeast" and "zymē" meaning "leaven". The term was coined in the late 19th century by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne to describe the biological catalysts involved in various chemical reactions within living organisms.
