Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III (HTLV-III), also known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a retrovirus that targets and infects cells of the immune system, particularly CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. HTLV-III is highly pathogenic and primarily transmitted through sexual contact, blood-to-blood contact, and perinatal transmission.
Upon infection, HTLV-III starts a complex series of interactions with the immune system, leading to a gradual depletion of CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response, making the infected individual progressively susceptible to opportunistic infections and malignancies.
HTLV-III is responsible for causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a severe and life-threatening condition characterized by a compromised immune system. AIDS is associated with various symptoms, including recurrent infections, weight loss, extreme fatigue, and cancers.
The diagnosis of HTLV-III infection relies on the detection of specific antibodies or viral genetic material through laboratory tests, such as enzyme immunoassays, polymerase chain reaction, or Western blotting. Early detection and treatment with antiretroviral therapy can significantly prolong the lifespan and improve the quality of life for individuals living with HIV.
Prevention of HTLV-III infection primarily involves practicing safe sexual behaviors, using barrier methods during sexual activity, such as condoms, and avoiding the sharing of needles or other injecting equipment. Additionally, screening blood products for transfusion and implementing universal precautions in healthcare settings have significantly reduced the risk of transmission.
