Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type III (HTLV-III), also known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a retrovirus responsible for causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. It belongs to the family Retroviridae and the genus Lentivirus. HTLV-III primarily targets the immune system, specifically the CD4+ T cells, leading to their depletion and impairment, thereby impairing the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases.
HTLV-III is transmitted through various routes, including sexual contact, sharing contaminated needles, transfer of infected blood or blood products, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. The virus can also be found in certain body fluids, such as semen, vaginal secretions, blood, and breast milk.
Upon infection, HTLV-III enters the body and integrates its genetic material into the host's DNA. It hijacks the host cell's machinery to produce more viral particles, leading to the spread of the virus throughout the body. Over time, the continuous replication and destruction of CD4+ T cells weaken the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers, which are characteristic symptoms of AIDS.
Despite significant advancements in antiretroviral therapy, HTLV-III remains incurable. However, with early detection and proper medical care, the progression of the virus can be slowed down, allowing individuals with HIV to live longer and healthier lives. Prevention strategies such as safe sexual practices, needle exchange programs, and the usage of antiretroviral drugs in high-risk populations play a crucial role in reducing the transmission and prevalence of HTLV-III.
