Human T Cell Leukemia Virus I (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus belonging to the family Retroviridae, genus Deltaretrovirus. It is primarily associated with the development of a specific form of cancer known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-1 is typically transmitted through infected T lymphocytes, which can occur via sexual contact, breastfeeding, blood transfusions, and sharing contaminated needles.
Upon infection, HTLV-1 targets T cells of the immune system, particularly the CD4+ helper T cells. The virus integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA, allowing it to replicate and persist within infected cells. Over time, HTLV-1 disrupts the normal functioning of T cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of cancerous cells.
In addition to ATL, HTLV-1 has also been linked to the development of other diseases, including a neurological disorder called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness in the legs, as well as various sensory abnormalities.
There is currently no cure for HTLV-1 infection, and treatment primarily aims at managing associated complications and symptoms. Prevention measures, such as safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles, and screening blood products for HTLV-1, are crucial for reducing the transmission of this virus.
