Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1-associated T-cell lymphoma) is a type of blood cancer characterized by the abnormal growth and proliferation of T (thymus-derived) cells. It is caused by infection with the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus that primarily infects T-cells and can lead to the development of various diseases.
HTLV-1-associated T-cell lymphoma can present in two major forms: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). ATLL primarily affects adults, while HAM/TSP mainly affects individuals over 40 years of age.
ATLL is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal T-lymphocytes, resulting in the accumulation of cancerous cells in various organs, including the blood, lymph nodes, skin, liver, and spleen. Symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, skin lesions, and frequent infections. HAM/TSP, on the other hand, is characterized by inflammation and damage to the spinal cord, leading to motor dysfunction, weakness, and sensory abnormalities.
HTLV-1-associated T-cell lymphoma is most commonly found in regions with high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection, such as Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Africa. The virus is primarily transmitted through the exchange of body fluids, such as blood transfusion, sexual contact, and from infected mothers to their children during breastfeeding.
Treatment options for HTLV-1-associated T-cell lymphoma vary depending on the individual's age, overall health, stage of the disease, and other factors. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem
