Human T Cell Leukemia Virus II (HTLV-II) is a retrovirus that belongs to the Retroviridae family and the Orthoretrovirinae subfamily. It is closely related to Human T Cell Leukemia Virus I (HTLV-I), sharing some structural and functional characteristics. HTLV-II primarily infects human T-lymphocytes, specifically CD4+ T-cells, and is associated with several diseases, although its exact pathogenic role is not completely understood.
HTLV-II was first identified in 1982 and has a worldwide distribution, with higher prevalence rates reported among certain populations such as intravenous drug users, indigenous populations, and individuals in correctional facilities. Transmission of HTLV-II occurs mainly through parenteral routes, particularly blood transfusions, sharing of contaminated needles, and sexual contact.
Infection with HTLV-II can lead to various clinical manifestations, although most infected individuals remain asymptomatic throughout their lives. However, some studies have suggested a potential association with neurologic disorders, such as myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy. HTLV-II has also been linked to an increased risk of developing some hematological malignancies, although the evidence remains inconclusive.
The diagnosis of HTLV-II infection is primarily based on the detection of specific antibodies in the serum through serological testing methods, including enzyme immunoassays and Western blot assays. Molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can also be employed to detect viral genetic material in blood samples.
Currently, no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine is available for HTLV-II infection. Treatment mainly focuses on managing associated symptoms and complications, if present, and preventing transmission through interventions, such as blood screening and harm reduction strategies.
