HTLV I Associated Myelopathy Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the spinal cord. It is primarily associated with infection by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), a retrovirus found predominantly in certain regions of the world such as the Caribbean, Japan, and parts of Central Africa.
The term "myelopathy" refers to a disease or abnormality affecting the spinal cord, while "tropical spastic paraparesis" describes the specific symptoms experienced by individuals with this condition. "Spastic paraparesis" refers to weakness and spasticity, or increased muscle tone, in the lower limbs, leading to difficulty in walking and abnormal gait. The "tropical" component of the name signifies its prevalence in tropical regions and serves to differentiate it from other forms of myelopathy.
HAM/TSP typically develops gradually and is characterized by a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, stiffness, and spasms primarily affecting the lower extremities. As the disease progresses, mobility may become increasingly impaired, and individuals may experience difficulty controlling bladder and bowel function. Sensory disturbances, such as numbness or tingling, may also occur. Although HAM/TSP is generally not a life-threatening condition, it can significantly impact an individual's quality of life and daily functioning.
Currently, there is no cure for HAM/TSP. Treatment mainly aims to alleviate symptoms and manage complications, such as bladder dysfunction and pain. Physical therapy, assistive devices, and medications are commonly used to enhance mobility and relieve discomfort. Ongoing research focuses on understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disease and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
