HTLV I Associated Myelopathies (HAM) refers to a group of chronic neurodegenerative disorders that result from infection with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). HTLV-I is a retrovirus primarily transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, such as through breastfeeding, sexual intercourse, or sharing contaminated needles.
HAM encompasses two main conditions: Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (TSP) and HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy (HAM). TSP is characterized by a progressive weakness and spasticity in the lower extremities, affecting primarily the legs, causing difficulties in walking and maintaining balance. HAM, on the other hand, involves degeneration and inflammation in the spinal cord, leading to motor deficits, sensory impairments, and bladder dysfunction. The symptoms typically appear gradually and worsen over time.
These disorders primarily affect individuals in tropical regions, especially in Japan, the Caribbean, and parts of Africa and South America where the HTLV-I infection rates are higher. It is worth noting that most people infected with HTLV-I do not develop HAM. However, the exact mechanisms that cause the virus to progress to HAM are still not fully understood.
There is currently no specific cure for HAM; treatment mainly focuses on managing the symptoms and improving the quality of life for affected individuals. Different interventions such as physical therapy, medications to control pain and spasticity, and assistive devices may be employed to alleviate symptoms and enhance functioning. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management remain crucial in minimizing the impact of HAM on individuals' daily lives.
