Hemolytic jaundice, also known as hemolytic icterus, is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), caused by the increased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) leading to an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream.
In a healthy body, red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 120 days. However, in cases of hemolytic jaundice, red blood cells are prematurely destroyed and broken down. This releases a molecule called bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the physiological breakdown of heme from red blood cells. Normally, the liver processes bilirubin and excretes it through bile, which is then eliminated from the body through stool.
However, in hemolytic jaundice, the excessive destruction of red blood cells overwhelms the liver's ability to process and eliminate bilirubin adequately. Consequently, bilirubin accumulates in the bloodstream and gradually deposits in body tissues, leading to the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes.
The causes of hemolytic jaundice can vary, including genetic conditions such as inherited blood disorders (e.g., sickle cell anemia, thalassemia), autoimmune diseases, certain medications, infections, or exposure to toxins. The condition can manifest with symptoms like fatigue, weakness, pale stools, dark urine, abdominal pain, and an enlarged spleen.
Diagnosis of hemolytic jaundice often involves blood tests to measure levels of red blood cells, bilirubin, and other related parameters. Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause and may include addressing the specific condition, blood transfusions, medications to control symptoms, and liver support.
