GRAFT VS LEUKEMIA RESPONSE Meaning and
Definition
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Graft vs Leukemia (GvL) response refers to the immune-mediated reaction that occurs after a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) where the transplanted donor cells attack and eliminate residual leukemia cells in the recipient's body. This response is a vital element in the success of HSCT as it helps prevent relapse and improves overall survival rates.
During HSCT, a patient receives healthy donor cells, usually from the bone marrow or peripheral blood, to replace their diseased bone marrow or blood cells. In addition to replacing the hematopoietic system, these transplanted donor cells contain immune cells, particularly T cells, which are capable of recognizing and targeting cancer cells. This donor-derived immune cells' ability to recognize and destroy remaining leukemia cells is known as the GvL response.
The GvL response is possible due to the genetic makeup of the donor cells being different from the recipient's cells, leading to the identification of the recipient's leukemia cells as foreign and the subsequent immune attack. The exact mechanisms of GvL response are complex, involving various immune cell types like T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells.
This response aids in eradicating any remaining cancer cells that may have survived conditioning therapies and contributes to long-term remission. However, it is essential to balance the GvL response with the risk of graft vs host disease (GvHD), a complication where donor immune cells attack the recipient's healthy tissues. Achieving a fine-tuned GvL response while minimizing the risk of GvHD is a critical challenge in HSCT, requiring careful patient monitoring and immunosuppressive treatments.
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