Familial Hemiplegic Migraines (FHM) is a rare and inherited neurological disorder characterized by severe and prolonged migraines accompanied by temporary paralysis or weakness on one side of the body. It falls under a subcategory of migraine known as hemiplegic migraine, where the characteristic symptom is the presence of motor weakness or paralysis.
Individuals affected by FHM usually have a family history of the condition, suggesting a genetic component. This disorder follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, meaning that a person carrying a mutated gene has a 50% chance of passing it on to their offspring. Three known FHM genes have been identified: CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A. These genes encode proteins that play a role in regulating the flow of specific ions across nerve cell membranes.
FHM attacks are often accompanied by additional symptoms such as visual disturbances, vertigo, difficulty speaking, confusion, and in some cases, seizures. Attacks can last from a few hours to several days and are often disabling, interfering with daily activities and overall quality of life.
Proper diagnosis of FHM involves ruling out other potential causes of hemiplegic symptoms and confirming the presence of a gene mutation. Treatment primarily focuses on managing and alleviating symptoms. Medications used to treat other types of migraines, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), triptans, and antiemetics, are often utilized, although their effectiveness may vary from person to person. Additional therapies may include lifestyle modifications, stress reduction techniques, and avoiding triggers known to exacerbate migraines.
Overall, Familial Hemiplegic Migraines are a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by severe migraines along with temporary motor weakness or paralysis affecting one side of
