Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM) is a rare and hereditary neurological disorder characterized by recurrent and severe migraines accompanied by temporary paralysis or weakness on one side of the body (hemiplegia). It is classified as a subtype of hemiplegic migraine, a condition that causes similar symptoms but is not necessarily familial.
The primary characteristic of FHM is the occurrence of migraines with the added feature of hemiplegia, although other symptoms such as visual disturbances, speech difficulties, and sensory abnormalities may also be present. Hemiplegic episodes typically last for a few minutes to several hours and may resolve spontaneously or gradually over time. These episodes can be quite debilitating, causing difficulties in carrying out daily activities and often requiring medical intervention.
FHM is considered a genetic condition, with mutations in certain genes responsible for its development. Several gene mutations have been identified as potential causes, including CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A. Inheritance is usually autosomal dominant, meaning that an affected individual has a 50% chance of passing the condition on to each of their children.
Diagnosis of FHM involves a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's medical history, description of symptoms, and neurological examination. Genetic testing may also be employed to identify specific gene mutations associated with FHM.
Treatment for FHM aims to manage and prevent migraine attacks and alleviate associated symptoms. Medications commonly used include pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and specific migraine-controlling medications. Lifestyle modifications and avoiding triggers such as stress, certain foods, and changes in sleep patterns may also be recommended.
