Coronary diseases, also known as coronary artery diseases (CAD), refer to a group of conditions affecting the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. These diseases typically develop due to the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, impeding the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
The most common form of coronary disease is coronary artery atherosclerosis, which results from the buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the coronary arteries. This plaque consists of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances, gradually forming a thickened, hardened layer that reduces the artery's diameter and restricts blood flow. As a consequence, the heart muscle receives insufficient oxygen and nutrients, leading to symptoms such as angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, fatigue, and in severe cases, heart attack.
Coronary diseases can also encompass other conditions such as coronary artery spasm, where the arteries constrict and temporarily reduce blood flow, and coronary artery dissection, involving a tear in the arterial wall. Risk factors that contribute to the development of coronary diseases include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, family history, and a sedentary lifestyle.
Treatment options for coronary diseases aim to reduce symptoms, prevent complications, and improve overall heart health. They may include lifestyle changes (e.g., adopting a heart-healthy diet, quitting smoking, regular exercise), medications to lower blood pressure, cholesterol, and prevent blood clots, as well as invasive procedures like angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery to restore and enhance blood flow to the heart. Early detection, proper management, and preventive measures play a crucial role in minimizing the impact of coronary diseases and maintaining cardiovascular health.
