Coronary artery vasospasm, also known as variant angina or Prinzmetal's angina, is a medical condition characterized by the sudden and temporary constriction or narrowing of the coronary arteries, which are responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. This constriction restricts blood flow to the heart, leading to chest pain or discomfort known as angina.
Coronary artery vasospasm typically occurs in individuals who have normal or mildly diseased coronary arteries, as opposed to the more common form of angina, known as stable angina, which is caused by atherosclerosis or plaque buildup. The exact cause of coronary artery vasospasm is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal smooth muscle cell function in the arterial wall, as well as hyperactivity of the nerves that control the constriction or relaxation of the arteries.
The symptoms of coronary artery vasospasm can vary in severity and frequency, but they often include chest pain or discomfort that may radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, or back. These episodes of angina can occur at any time, including during rest or even while sleeping. In some cases, coronary artery vasospasm can lead to a complete blockage of the artery, causing a heart attack or sudden cardiac arrest.
Treatment for coronary artery vasospasm typically involves the use of medications, such as calcium channel blockers and nitrates, which help to relax the arteries and improve blood flow. Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, managing stress, and avoiding triggers like cold weather or certain medications, may also be recommended to prevent further episodes. In severe cases, particularly when medications are ineffective, surgical procedures like coronary artery bypass grafting or stent placement may be necessary to improve blood flow to the heart muscle
