The spelling of the term "computer hacker" can be explained using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The word begins with the consonant cluster /kəmˈpjuːtər/, followed by the open-mid back rounded vowel /ˈhækər/. The final syllable of the word ends with the vocalic rhotic /-ɚ/. Therefore, the correct spelling of this term in IPA transcription is /kəmˈpjuːtər ˈhækər/. This term is commonly used to refer to individuals who use their computer skills to access unauthorized information or systems.
A computer hacker is an individual who utilizes their advanced technical expertise to gain unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, and data, usually with the intent to gather information, commit fraud, disrupt operations, or engage in other illicit activities. Hackers possess deep knowledge of computer programming, operating systems, and network protocols, allowing them to exploit vulnerabilities and weaknesses in software and hardware configurations.
Computer hackers can be categorized into different types based on their intentions and methods. "Black hat" hackers, also known as malicious hackers or crackers, indulge in illegal activities with malicious intent, such as stealing or manipulating sensitive data, distributing malware, defrauding others, or causing damage to computer networks. Conversely, "white hat" hackers, or ethical hackers, utilize their skills in a lawful manner, working to identify and fix security vulnerabilities for organizations, enhance security systems, and prevent cyber attacks.
Hackers employ an array of techniques to breach computer systems, including phishing, malware, social engineering, and password cracking. They often function within secretive online communities, sharing knowledge, tools, and techniques to refine their skills and develop new approaches for exploiting computer systems.
As illegal activities perpetrated by hackers continue to jeopardize individuals' privacy, organizations' digital assets, and public safety, cybersecurity professionals and law enforcement agencies strive to detect, prevent, and mitigate the risks posed by hackers through implementing robust security measures, enforcing strict regulations, and prosecuting offenders.
The etymology of the word "computer hacker" can be traced back to the mid-20th century when computers and computer programming were emerging fields.
The term "hacker" originally referred to someone who possessed exceptional skills and knowledge in programming and computer systems. It was derived from the word "hack", which described clever or skillful workarounds or solutions. Hackers were admired for their ability to manipulate and understand computer systems in innovative ways to improve efficiency and solve complex problems.
Over time, the term "hacker" developed additional connotations. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a shift in the public's perception of hackers, partly due to high-profile cases of unauthorized access to computer systems for malicious purposes. The media often associated hackers with unauthorized and criminal activities, leading to a negative stereotype.