Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) refers to a severe ocular emergency characterized by a sudden blockage or obstruction in the central retinal artery, the blood vessel responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrients to the retina. This condition results in a sudden and profound loss of vision in the affected eye.
CRAO typically occurs due to a clot formed within the central retinal artery or one of its small branches, which inhibits the blood flow to the retina. The most common cause of CRAO is atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the build-up of fatty deposits or plaques within the arteries. Other factors that may contribute to CRAO include embolisms, vasculitis, or compression of the artery.
The main symptom of CRAO is a sudden painless and complete loss of vision in the central field of vision of the affected eye. The person may experience a sensation of darkness or a curtain-like effect in the affected eye. Examination of the eye may reveal a pale retina, cherry-red spot at the macula, and narrowed retinal arteries.
Immediate intervention is crucial in CRAO to increase the chances of restoring vision. Treatment options include ocular massage, high-dose oxygen therapy, intravenous medications to reduce inflammation and dissolve blood clots, and surgical interventions such as thrombolysis or embolectomy.
Despite prompt treatment, the visual prognosis in CRAO is often poor, with only a small percentage of patients experiencing some recovery of vision. Early detection and intervention remain essential in managing this medical emergency.
