Central nervous system syphilis is a pathological condition caused by the bacterial infection of Treponema pallidum in the central nervous system (CNS). It is a tertiary stage manifestation of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the same bacterium. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
This condition occurs when the bacteria invade the CNS, which can happen during the latent phase or several years after the initial infection. The bacteria can enter through the bloodstream, the lymphatic system, or direct extension from nearby infected areas. As they spread to the CNS, they can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the affected area.
Central nervous system syphilis can present with various neurological manifestations such as meningitis, stroke-like symptoms, cranial nerve abnormalities, general paresis, or tabes dorsalis. Meningitis is the most common feature, causing inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This leads to symptoms such as headache, neck stiffness, and fever. Other symptoms may include altered mental status, paralysis, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and cognitive impairment. If left untreated, it can have severe consequences, including permanent neurological damage or death.
Diagnosis of central nervous system syphilis involves a thorough clinical evaluation, blood tests to detect the presence of Treponema pallidum antibodies, and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid obtained through a lumbar puncture. Treatment typically involves a lengthy course of antibiotics, such as penicillin, to eliminate the bacteria and manage the associated symptoms.
In summary, central nervous system syphilis refers to the invasion and infection of the CNS by Treponema pallidum, following a initial or latent stage of syphilis. It can cause a wide range of neurological
