Cell matrix adhesions, also known as focal adhesions, refer to specialized molecular complexes formed between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). These adhesions play a pivotal role in cell adhesion, migration, and signal transduction in various biological processes, including tissue development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.
Cell matrix adhesions are composed of a complex array of proteins that connect the intracellular cytoskeleton of a cell to the ECM components, such as collagen fibers and fibronectin. The key proteins involved in these adhesions include integrins, talin, vinculin, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Integrins, located in the plasma membrane, act as transmembrane receptors that bind to specific ECM molecules, establishing a physical link between the extracellular and intracellular components.
These adhesions serve multiple functions. First, they enable cells to mechanically anchor to the ECM, providing stability and support during cell migration, tissue development, and maintenance. They also allow cells to sense and respond to external mechanical cues and forces. Furthermore, cell matrix adhesions serve as signaling platforms, as numerous signaling molecules are recruited and activated at these sites. This includes various downstream signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation.
Understanding the biology of cell matrix adhesions is of great significance in various fields, including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and cancer therapeutics. Dysregulation or aberrant functioning of these adhesions can have detrimental effects, leading to diseases and disorders such as fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer invasion and metastasis.
