Border diseases, also known as Border disease complex or Border disease syndrome, refer to a group of viral infections that primarily affect domestic animal species, especially ruminants such as sheep and occasionally goats. The term "border" originates from the historical context of the disease being observed in border regions between countries.
Border diseases are caused by a virus called Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) that belongs to the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. It can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their secretion/excretions. Thus, its occurrence is more common in herds with high population densities and poor biosecurity measures.
The disease can manifest in two forms, namely acute and persistent. Acute border disease is characterized by fever, reduced appetite, diarrhea, respiratory issues, and reproductive disorders, leading to substantial economic losses in livestock production. Persistent border disease occurs when a fetus is infected during the early stages of its development, resulting in developmental abnormalities, immunotolerance, and subsequent lifelong virus shedding.
Diagnosis of border diseases relies on laboratory-based tests, including serological, histopathological, and molecular techniques. Prevention and control strategies involve implementing strict biosecurity measures, such as quarantine, vaccination, and maintaining a closed herd system. Treatment mainly focuses on supportive care, symptomatic relief, and prevention of secondary infections.
In conclusion, border diseases encompass a group of viral infections caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus that affect ruminant species. With their potential to cause significant economic losses, appropriate prevention measures and early diagnostic techniques are crucial for effective disease management in livestock populations.
