Bipolar illness, or bipolar disorder, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings. The spelling of this word reflects its Greek origins, with "bi" meaning "two" and "polar" meaning "opposite." The correct pronunciation is bɑɪˈpoʊ.lər, with the stress on the first syllable. The "i" in the second syllable is pronounced as a schwa sound, while the "o" is pronounced as a long "o" sound. The final "r" is not pronounced in most dialects.
Bipolar illness, also known as bipolar disorder or manic-depressive disorder, is a chronic mental health condition characterized by extreme changes in mood, energy levels, and activity levels. It is classified as a mood disorder because individuals with bipolar illness experience significant fluctuations between episodes of mania or hypomania and depression.
During manic or hypomanic episodes, individuals may exhibit elevated, expansive, or irritable moods, increased energy and activity levels, heightened creativity, racing thoughts, impulsive behavior, and a decreased need for sleep. These episodes often lead to a state of euphoria or intense excitement. In contrast, depressive episodes involve persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, difficulties in concentration, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, low energy levels, and thoughts of suicide or death.
Bipolar illness is a complex and multifactorial disorder that is believed to stem from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. The exact cause is still not fully understood. It often emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood, but can also affect children and older adults.
Treatment for bipolar illness typically includes a combination of medication, such as mood stabilizers and antidepressants, alongside therapy and lifestyle modifications. While there is currently no cure, effective management and ongoing support can help individuals with bipolar illness live fulfilling and productive lives. Close monitoring, early detection of symptoms, and adherence to treatment plans are crucial in reducing the severity and frequency of episodes.
The word "bipolar illness" is derived from the term "bipolar disorder". Here is the etymology of each component of the phrase:
1. Bipolar: The term "bipolar" combines the prefix "bi-" which means "two" or "double", and "polar" which comes from the Latin word "polaris" meaning "relating to the poles". The word "polar" is often used to describe opposites or extremities (such as the North and South poles). In relation to mood disorders, "bipolar" refers to the two polar opposite mood states experienced by individuals with the disorder - the extreme highs (mania or hypomania) and extreme lows (depression).
2. Illness: The word "illness" stems from the Middle English word "ilnesse", which itself comes from the Old English word "ylnes".