Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy levels, and activity levels. It is a chronic and serious disorder that affects a person's emotional well-being and interferes with daily functioning.
The defining feature of bipolar disorder is the presence of both manic and depressive episodes. Manic episodes are characterized by euphoria, heightened energy, increased impulsivity, and a decreased need for sleep. People experiencing manic episodes may engage in risky behaviors, exhibit inflated self-esteem, and have rapid speech. Depressive episodes, on the other hand, entail persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, and a lack of energy.
Bipolar disorder has different subtypes, including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. Bipolar I disorder involves experiencing full-blown manic episodes that often require hospitalization. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by milder manic episodes, called hypomania, along with major depressive episodes. Cyclothymic disorder refers to recurring periods of hypomania and milder depressive symptoms that last for at least two years.
The exact causes of bipolar disorder are not fully understood, but it is believed to have a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. It typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood and requires long-term management through medication, therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Effective treatment helps individuals with bipolar disorder manage their symptoms, stabilize their mood, and live fulfilling lives.
