Bilharziases, also known as schistosomiasis, is a group of infectious diseases caused by various species of parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. These trematodes primarily affect humans and are transmitted when individuals come into contact with freshwater contaminated by schistosome larvae.
The most common forms of bilharziases are caused by three main species of schistosomes: Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma japonicum. Each species has a specific geographical distribution and can cause different signs and symptoms.
Once in freshwater, the larvae released by infected snails can penetrate the human skin, migrating into the bloodstream to reach their final destinations in various organs, such as the intestines or urinary bladder. The schistosomes then mature and start producing eggs, which are released through human waste into freshwater, perpetuating the infection cycle.
The symptoms of bilharziases can range from mild to severe, depending on the species and the affected organ. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in the urine or stool, and enlarged liver or spleen. Chronic infections can lead to more serious complications, including liver damage, kidney failure, bladder cancer, and infertility.
Prevention and control of bilharziases mainly involve improving sanitation, providing clean drinking water, and eliminating the parasite-infected snail populations. Treatment typically involves the administration of antiparasitic drugs, such as praziquantel, which effectively kills adult schistosomes.
Bilharziases are a significant public health concern in many developing countries, where access to clean water sources and proper healthcare may be limited. Efforts to control and eliminate these diseases are crucial to improving the health and
