Bilharzia, also known as schistosomiasis, is a parasitic disease caused by various species of flatworms called schistosomes. It is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions where certain freshwater snails act as intermediate hosts for the parasite. Bilharzia affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation and access to clean water.
The infection occurs when humans come into contact with contaminated freshwater sources, such as rivers and lakes, where the parasite's larvae, called cercariae, can penetrate the skin. Upon entering the body, these larvae develop into adult worms, which primarily inhabit the veins surrounding the bladder or intestines, depending on the species. The adult worms lay eggs that are released from the body through urine or feces, continuing the parasite's life cycle.
Symptoms of bilharzia can vary depending on the stage of infection and the organs affected but may include fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, bloody urine or stool, and liver or spleen enlargement. Chronic infections can lead to severe complications such as kidney damage, bladder cancer, and impaired growth and cognitive development in children.
Prevention of bilharzia involves avoiding contact with freshwater sources known to be infested with the parasite, wearing protective clothing when swimming or bathing, and reducing exposure to snail habitats. Treatment usually involves antiparasitic medications, such as praziquantel, to kill the worms and alleviate symptoms.
Efforts to control and eliminate bilharzia involve strategies like improving water and sanitation infrastructure, snail control programs, health education, and access to treatment.
