Atheroma can be defined as a pathological condition characterized by the formation of fatty deposits, known as plaques, within the walls of arteries. These plaques are composed of various substances, primarily cholesterol, calcium, and fibrous tissue. Over time, atheromas can grow in size, causing the affected arteries to become narrowed and lose their elasticity. This condition is often associated with atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the arterial blood vessels.
The development of atheromas starts with damage to the inner lining of the artery, called the endothelium. Factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, and diabetes can contribute to this damage. As a response to the injury, white blood cells and lipids, such as low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, accumulate at the site, initiating the formation of a plaque. As the plaque grows, it can obstruct blood flow and impede the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs and tissues. In severe cases, atheromas can rupture, leading to formation of a blood clot that may block blood flow entirely, causing a heart attack or stroke.
Diagnosis of atheroma is often done through imaging techniques, such as ultrasound or angiography, which allow visualization of the plaque within the arteries. Treatment options for atheroma typically involve lifestyle modifications, including adopting a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing other underlying medical conditions. Medications, such as statins, blood pressure-lowering drugs, and anti-platelet agents, may also be prescribed to control risk factors and prevent further progression of atheroma. In certain cases, surgical procedures, such as angioplasty or bypass surgery, may be required to restore proper blood flow to affected areas.
