Acute rheumatic arthritis, also known as acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is a systemic inflammatory disease that occurs as a complication of an untreated streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. It primarily affects children and adolescents, but can also occur in adults.
This type of arthritis is characterized by the sudden onset of joint pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness. The joints most commonly affected are the knees, ankles, elbows, and wrists. The pain is typically migratory, meaning it moves from one joint to another. It can be intense and debilitating, making movement difficult. Other symptoms may include fever, fatigue, chest pain, skin rash, and inflammation of the heart, brain, or other organs.
The underlying cause of acute rheumatic arthritis is an abnormal immune response triggered by the streptococcal infection. The body mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, specifically the connective tissues in the joints, heart valves, and nervous system. If left untreated, these repetitive episodes of inflammation can lead to permanent damage to the affected joints and heart complications.
The diagnosis of acute rheumatic arthritis usually involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to confirm the presence of streptococcal infection and identify markers of inflammation. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to target and eradicate the infection, as well as anti-inflammatory medications to alleviate symptoms and reduce inflammation. In severe cases, additional therapies such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants may be prescribed. Long-term management involves preventing future streptococcal infections through prophylactic antibiotic therapy to minimize the risk of recurrences and prevent further complications.
