Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and swelling of the kidney's interstitial tissue. The interstitium refers to the spaces between the kidney's tubules, blood vessels, and collecting ducts, which are responsible for regulating urine production and waste elimination. This condition typically occurs suddenly and is often caused by an adverse reaction to medications, particularly certain antibiotics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
The key features of acute interstitial nephritis include the infiltration of immune cells and inflammatory molecules in the kidney's interstitial tissue, leading to impaired kidney function. Patients with AIN may experience a range of symptoms, including reduced urine output, fatigue, fluid retention, fever, nausea, and swelling in the legs and ankles. In severe cases, it can result in acute kidney injury, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.
Diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis involves a combination of urine and blood tests, kidney biopsies, and medical history evaluation to identify potential triggers. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the causative drug, if identified, or treating the underlying infection or medical condition. Symptomatic relief and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and medications to control blood pressure and reduce inflammation, are also crucial in managing the condition.
Prompt recognition and treatment of acute interstitial nephritis are essential to minimize the risk of kidney damage and potentially irreversible kidney failure. Long-term monitoring may be necessary to ensure kidney function recovers and to prevent recurrence of the condition.
